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Independent evidence before payment.
Immunomodulatory peptide · also: Tα1, Zadaxin
Thymosin Alpha-1 carries an Evidence Grade of C (Medium confidence). The strongest published evidence catalogued is human (other).
Grade C rule: At least one other human study.
The grade reflects the strength of the published evidence, not safety or efficacy. “Confidence” means how settled that grade is given the record — not how likely the compound is to work.
Human-use stop
This compound is investigational, warned or not approved for human use. A seller calling it “research only,” showing testimonials, registering a company or publishing a COA does not create an approved consumer medicine. Seller links below are market-surveillance records, not recommendations.
Thymosin alpha-1 is an immunomodulatory peptide with randomised human evidence in specific contexts; a branded formulation is approved in some countries.
Animal and in-vitro results are shown separately and must never be read as established human outcomes.
In plain terms: there are 2 human studies, but no randomised trial — the strongest test has not been done. Effects seen in smaller studies often do not hold up.
Strongest: randomised or pooled human trials.
none catalogued
Observational, open-label or small human studies.
Thymosin alpha 1 treatment for patients with sepsis. Expert opinion on biological therapy, 2018.
Thymosin-alpha 1 (Zadaxin) enhances the immunogenicity of an adjuvated pandemic H1N1v influenza vaccine (Focetria) in hemodialyzed patients: a pilot study. Vaccine, 2012.
Preclinical animal models — not a human outcome.
none catalogued
Cell / tissue studies — not a human outcome.
none catalogued
Proposed mechanism — hypothesis, not evidence of effect.
Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1. International journal of molecular sciences, 2025.
Phenotypic drug discovery: a case for thymosin alpha-1. Frontiers in medicine, 2024.
Thymosin α1 reverses oncolytic adenovirus-induced M2 polarization of macrophages to improve antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy. Cell reports. Medicine, 2024.
Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World journal of virology, 2020.
Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives. Future microbiology, 2017.
Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment. Vitamins and hormones, 2016.
Structures of Thymosin Proteins. Vitamins and hormones, 2016.
Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B. Expert opinion on biological therapy, 2015.
Utility of thymosin alpha-1 (Zadaxin) as a co-adjuvant in influenza vaccines: a review. Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene, 2011.
Clinical applications of thymosin alpha-1. Cancer investigation, 1994.
On “cited by N”: citation counts (Crossref) reflect how often a paper has been referenced — a measure of academic attention, not of validity, safety, or whether a compound works. They do not affect the Evidence Grade, which is set purely by the strength of the evidence tier.
Approved use is indication- and country-specific. General immune-enhancement claims are not established by that evidence.
Not an approved medicine in major markets. Sold only as a “research chemical”, with no established safe consumer use, dose or supply standard.
PepCred flags any vendor selling this compound to the public as a consumer-protection concern. Status reflects regulator records; see the regulatory detail below.
Sample of 8 (not ranked) — see all on ClinicalTrials.gov:
No FDA-approved (US) drug labelling found for this compound. A search of openFDA returned no approved product containing it as an active ingredient.
This reflects US FDA approval only — other regulators (e.g. MHRA, EMA) may differ; see the note below. Absence of an approved label is not, by itself, a safety finding, and a “research use only” label does not establish safety, legality or correct identity.
PepCred note: Approved in some jurisdictions for specific indications.
These unranked records show where the name was detected. For an investigational, warned or unapproved compound, no seller, company registration, review score or COA creates an approved human-use route.
None of these is verified for human use.