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Independent evidence before payment.
Coenzyme / metabolic cofactor · also: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAD+ carries an Evidence Grade of C (Medium confidence). The strongest published evidence catalogued is human (other).
Grade C rule: At least one other human study.
The grade reflects the strength of the published evidence, not safety or efficacy. “Confidence” means how settled that grade is given the record — not how likely the compound is to work.
NAD+ and its precursors are studied for cellular metabolism and ageing biology, with a growing but still early human literature focused mostly on precursors.
Animal and in-vitro results are shown separately and must never be read as established human outcomes.
In plain terms: there is 1 human study, but no randomised trial — the strongest test has not been done. Effects seen in smaller studies often do not hold up.
Strongest: randomised or pooled human trials.
none catalogued
Observational, open-label or small human studies.
The Safety and Antiaging Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide in Human Clinical Trials: an Update. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2023.
Preclinical animal models — not a human outcome.
none catalogued
Cell / tissue studies — not a human outcome.
none catalogued
Proposed mechanism — hypothesis, not evidence of effect.
Placental nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide modulates the timing of labor. Science (New York, N.Y.), 2026.
Age-associated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide decline drives CAR-T cell failure. Nature cancer, 2025.
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide-Loaded Lubricated Hydrogel Microspheres with a Three-Pronged Approach Alleviate Age-Related Osteoarthritis. ACS nano, 2025.
Novel Approach to Skin Anti-Aging: Boosting Pharmacological Effects of Exogenous Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD(+)) by Synergistic Inhibition of CD38 Expression. Cells, 2024.
NAD metabolism: Role in senescence regulation and aging. Aging cell, 2024.
Chronic nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation elevates blood nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels and alters muscle function in healthy older men. npj aging, 2022.
NAD(+) Repletion Rescues Female Fertility during Reproductive Aging. Cell reports, 2020.
SLC25A51 is a mammalian mitochondrial NAD(+) transporter. Nature, 2020.
NAD(+) homeostasis in health and disease. Nature metabolism, 2020.
Biosensor reveals multiple sources for mitochondrial NAD⁺. Science (New York, N.Y.), 2016.
NAD⁺ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration. Science (New York, N.Y.), 2015.
On “cited by N”: citation counts (Crossref) reflect how often a paper has been referenced — a measure of academic attention, not of validity, safety, or whether a compound works. They do not affect the Evidence Grade, which is set purely by the strength of the evidence tier.
Most robust human data concerns oral precursors, not injectable NAD+. Anti-ageing claims remain largely preclinical.
Some forms are sold as dietary supplements. Injectable or research-grade material is a different, unapproved product of unverified identity, purity and dose.
PepCred flags any vendor selling this compound to the public as a consumer-protection concern. Status reflects regulator records; see the regulatory detail below.
Sample of 8 (not ranked) — see all on ClinicalTrials.gov:
No FDA-approved (US) drug labelling found for this compound. A search of openFDA returned no approved product containing it as an active ingredient.
This reflects US FDA approval only — other regulators (e.g. MHRA, EMA) may differ; see the note below. Absence of an approved label is not, by itself, a safety finding, and a “research use only” label does not establish safety, legality or correct identity.
PepCred note: Sold as a supplement in some forms; not an approved drug.
These unranked records show where the name was detected. For an investigational, warned or unapproved compound, no seller, company registration, review score or COA creates an approved human-use route.
None of these is verified for human use.